Diagram of Electron Configuration for Nickel
Nickel History
The element Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in year 1751 in Sweden . Nickel derived its name from Swedish kopparnickel, containing the German word Nickel, 'goblin'
Nickel Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
The table below shows the abundance of Nickel in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| Ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 6e-05 |
| Abundance in Sun | 8e-05 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 0.013 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 8.9e-05 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 2×10-7% |
| Abundance in Humans | 1e-07 |
Crystal Structure of Nickel
The solid state structure of Nickel is Face Centered Cubic.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 352.4 | 352.4 | 352.4 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | π/2 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
Nickel Atomic and Orbital Properties
Nickel atoms have 28 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 16, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3F4.
Shell Structure of Nickel - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | K | 2 | |||
| 2 | L | 2 | 6 | ||
| 3 | M | 2 | 6 | 8 | |
| 4 | N | 2 |
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Nickel - neutral Nickel atom
The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Nickel atom is [Ar] 3d8 4s2. The portion of Nickel configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Ar]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 3d8 4s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Nickel
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Nickel atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2
Atomic Structure of Nickel
Nickel atomic radius is 149 pm, while it's covalent radius is 121 pm.
Atomic Spectrum of Nickel
Nickel Chemical Properties: Nickel Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Nickel is 112 kJ/mol
Ionization Energy of Nickel
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Nickel
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1 | 737.1 |
| 2 | 1753 |
| 3 | 3395 |
| 4 | 5.3×103 |
| 5 | 7339 |
| 6 | 1.04×104 |
| 7 | 1.28×104 |
| 8 | 1.56×104 |
| 9 | 1.86×104 |
| 10 | 21670 |
| 11 | 30970 |
| 12 | 3.4×104 |
| 13 | 3.71×104 |
| 14 | 4.15×104 |
| 15 | 4.48×104 |
| 16 | 4.81×104 |
| 17 | 55101 |
| 18 | 58570 |
| 19 | 1.487×105 |
| 20 | 1.59×105 |
| 21 | 1.694×105 |
Nickel Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Nickel Physical Properties
| Density | 8.908 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 6.58884149079 cm3 |
Elastic Properties
Hardness of Nickel - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
Nickel Electrical Properties
Nickel is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Nickel
Nickel Heat and Conduction Properties
Nickel Magnetic Properties
Optical Properties of Nickel
Acoustic Properties of Nickel
Nickel Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Nickel
Enthalpies of Nickel
Nickel Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Nickel
Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Nickel has 5 stable isotope - 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni, 64Ni.
| Isotope | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48Ni | ||||
| 49Ni | ||||
| 50Ni | ||||
| 51Ni | ||||
| 52Ni | ||||
| 53Ni | ||||
| 54Ni | ||||
| 55Ni | ||||
| 56Ni | ||||
| 57Ni | ||||
| 58Ni | 68.0769% | Stable | N/A | |
| 59Ni | ||||
| 60Ni | 26.2231% | Stable | N/A | |
| 61Ni | 1.1399% | Stable | N/A | |
| 62Ni | 3.6345% | Stable | N/A | |
| 63Ni | ||||
| 64Ni | 0.9256% | Stable | N/A | |
| 65Ni | ||||
| 66Ni | ||||
| 67Ni | ||||
| 68Ni | ||||
| 69Ni | ||||
| 70Ni | ||||
| 71Ni | ||||
| 72Ni | ||||
| 73Ni | ||||
| 74Ni | ||||
| 75Ni | ||||
| 76Ni | ||||
| 77Ni | ||||
| 78Ni |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| CAS Number | CAS7440-02-0 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSQR5950000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 |
| DOT Numbers | 3089 |
| EU Number | N/A |
| NFPA Fire Rating | 4 |
| NFPA Hazards | N/A |
| NFPA Health Rating | 2 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 1 |
Database Search
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| Database | Identifier number |
|---|---|
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7440-02-0 |
| CID Number | CID935 |
| Gmelin Number | N/A |
| NSC Number | N/A |
| RTECS Number | RTECSQR5950000 |
Diagram of Electron Configuration for Nickel
Source: https://www.schoolmykids.com/learn/interactive-periodic-table/ni-nickel
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